Task D: In-text Referencing (APA) Part 1, Multi-select Exercise

Source: Eric Digest: http://www.ericdigests.org/2003-2/outdoor.html

Revision exercise: Identify the in-text referencing errors in each citation.There are 3 or 4 errors in each citation.

Hungerford, H., Peyton, R.B., and Wilke, R., propose the superordinate goal of environmental education: "to aid citizens in becoming environmentally knowledgeable and, above all, skilled and dedicated citizens who are willing to work, individually and collectively, toward achieving and/or maintaining a dynamic equilibrium between quality of life and quality of the environment". (Select 3)
1. There is no in-text referencing / sources used to support the numbers presented.
2. The author's initials were included in the citation.
3. Some authors are missing in the in-text reference.
4. The year of publication is missing.
5. The verb does not 'agree with' the subject/author.
6. The page number is missing.
For example, L. B. Sharp (Mar, 1943), one of the earliest advocates of camping education, offered the following rationale for outdoor education: That which can best be taught inside the schoolrooms should there be taught, and that which can best be learned through experience dealing directly with native materials and life situations outside the school should there be learned (p. 363). (Select 3)
1. There is no in-text referencing / sources used to support the numbers presented.
2. The author's initials were included in the citation.
3. The month or day (or both) was included.
4. The page number is missing.
5. Quotation marks (".....") are needed around the quoted material.
6. The verb does not 'agree with' the subject/author.
For example, J. W. Smith began the National Outdoor Education Project. Smith elucidated the connection between outdoor education and the school curriculum in his definition: Outdoor education means learning in and for the outdoors. It is a means of curriculum extension and enrichment through outdoor experiences (Hammerman, p. 33). (Select 3)
1. The author's initials were included in the citation.
2. All names of the author were used.
3. The year of publication is missing.
4. Only given names of the author were used in the citation.
5. Quotation marks (".....") are needed around the quoted material.
6. The verb does not 'agree with' the subject/author.
According to Jim (1986) states, outdoor education is an experiential process of learning by doing, which takes place primarily through exposure to the out-of-doors... (Select 4)
1. There is no in-text referencing / sources used to support the numbers presented.
2. Only given names of the author were used in the citation.
3. The page number is missing.
4. Both 'according to' and a reporting verb (+ that)' are used.
5. The verb does not 'agree with' the subject/author.
6. Quotation marks (".....") are needed around the quoted material.
According to King (2013), The 1994 AEE definition expand the understanding: Experiential education is a process through which a learner constructs knowledge, skill, and value from direct experiences (AEE). (Select 4)
1. Some authors are missing in the in-text reference.
2. The verb does not 'agree with' the subject/author.
3. The year of publication is missing.
4. The page number is missing.
5. Quotation marks (".....") are needed around the quoted material.
6. Uses 'someone' or 'some researchers' instead of the exact name of the author / authors.
Someone add that experiential education requires "the learner to take initiative, make decisions, and be accountable for the results". (Select 3)
1. Uses 'someone' or 'some researchers' instead of the exact name of the author / authors.
2. The verb does not 'agree with' the subject/author.
3. Quotation marks (".....") are needed around the quoted material.
4. The page number is missing.
5. The year of publication is missing.
6. Both 'according to' and a reporting verb (+ that)' are used.
Simulations are seen here as an "abstraction" of the real world. Simulations "edit out elements of direct experiences." They provide "rules for how the model behaves or models interact" (D.C. Engleson, 1994,). (Select 3)

Source: Engleson, D. C., & Yockers, D. H. (1994). A guide to curriculum planning in environmental education. Madison, WI: Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction.
1. Quotation marks (".....") are needed around the quoted material.
2. The verb does not 'agree with' the subject/author.
3. Some authors are missing in the in-text reference.
4. The page number is missing.
5. The month or day (or both) was included.
6. The author's initials were included in the citation.
Originally, outdoor education was used mostly for nature study. Today, it include outdoor experiences designed to meet objectives in many areas (Michael & David). (Select 3)

Source: Richardson, M., & Simmons, D. (1996). Recommended competencies for outdoor educators. ERIC Digest. Charleston, WV: ERIC Clearinghouse on Rural Education and Small Schools. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 391 624)
1. There is no in-text referencing / sources used to support the numbers presented.
2. Only given names of the author were used in the citation.
3. The verb does not 'agree with' the subject/author
4. The year of publication is missing.
5. Uses 'someone' or 'some researchers' instead of the exact name of the author / authors.
6. The author's initials were included in the citation.
Although research these days show that environmental education can trace its lineage, at least partly, to outdoor education, it is considered a distinct field. (Select 3)
1. Only given names of the author were used in the citation.
2. Does not use exact name(s) of the author / authors.
3. The month or day (or both) was included.
4. There is no in-text referencing / sources used to support the
5. Both 'according to' and a reporting verb (+ that)' are used.
6. The verb does not 'agree with' the subject/author.
According to Priest, S. reports, outdoor education is an experiential process of learning by doing, which takes place primarily through exposure to the out-of-doors (p. 13).... (Select 4)
1. The verb does not 'agree with' the subject/author.
2. Quotation marks (".....") are needed around the quoted material.
3. The year of publication is missing.
4. Both 'according to' and a reporting verb (+ that)' are used.
5. All names of the author were used.
6. The author's initials were included in the citation.