How many hours does it take to be fluent in English?
By Tom de Castella BBC News Magazine
Immigrants are always being told by politicians to learn the language. 1.(a) But for someone coming here at 10 years old it's possible(b) But many of the people who attend courses are visiting students(c) although the government does not have a target figure(d) who have struggled with English since arriving a year ago(e) but it would take much longer than a week(f) what matters is not classes so much as(g) But there is political pressure to decrease this(h) At the beginning it was really difficult to understand(i) Eventually she was able to begin taking classes(j) After three months here he could speak very well(k) A key factor for all immigrants is their level of education(l) who arrived five years ago from China(m) One thing most experts agree on is that(n) But how long does it take to speak good English?(o) If someone is really highly motivated(p) but children are faster at picking up speaking and listening(q) if they fail to attend language courses(r) That could mean four years of classes

There are plenty of people in the UK for whom even
basic English is a problem. According to the Census, 726,000 people in England and Wales said they could not speak English well, and another 138,000 said they did not speak it at all.

Ling, 40, 2.(a) But for someone coming here at 10 years old it's possible(b) But many of the people who attend courses are visiting students(c) although the government does not have a target figure(d) who have struggled with English since arriving a year ago(e) but it would take much longer than a week(f) what matters is not classes so much as(g) But there is political pressure to decrease this(h) At the beginning it was really difficult to understand(i) Eventually she was able to begin taking classes(j) After three months here he could speak very well(k) A key factor for all immigrants is their level of education(l) who arrived five years ago from China(m) One thing most experts agree on is that(n) But how long does it take to speak good English?(o) If someone is really highly motivated(p) but children are faster at picking up speaking and listening(q) if they fail to attend language courses(r) That could mean four years of classes, found it difficult to learn English. "When I came here I was pregnant and so I was at home for the next three years. It took me longer to learn as I was very busy with the children."

3.(a) But for someone coming here at 10 years old it's possible(b) But many of the people who attend courses are visiting students(c) although the government does not have a target figure(d) who have struggled with English since arriving a year ago(e) but it would take much longer than a week(f) what matters is not classes so much as(g) But there is political pressure to decrease this(h) At the beginning it was really difficult to understand(i) Eventually she was able to begin taking classes(j) After three months here he could speak very well(k) A key factor for all immigrants is their level of education(l) who arrived five years ago from China(m) One thing most experts agree on is that(n) But how long does it take to speak good English?(o) If someone is really highly motivated(p) but children are faster at picking up speaking and listening(q) if they fail to attend language courses(r) That could mean four years of classes and now speaks good conversational English. But even with classes, it can be a long process to pick up the language.

There are a number of systems for grading English. The government expects immigrants to reach "ESOL Entry 3" or "B1 level", also called "Intermediate 1" in Scotland, before they can be granted citizenship. It's equivalent to being able to hold a confident conversation and, 4.(a) But for someone coming here at 10 years old it's possible(b) But many of the people who attend courses are visiting students(c) although the government does not have a target figure(d) who have struggled with English since arriving a year ago(e) but it would take much longer than a week(f) what matters is not classes so much as(g) But there is political pressure to decrease this(h) At the beginning it was really difficult to understand(i) Eventually she was able to begin taking classes(j) After three months here he could speak very well(k) A key factor for all immigrants is their level of education(l) who arrived five years ago from China(m) One thing most experts agree on is that(n) But how long does it take to speak good English?(o) If someone is really highly motivated(p) but children are faster at picking up speaking and listening(q) if they fail to attend language courses(r) That could mean four years of classes, it might take 360 hours of study to achieve.

George Osborne, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, said in June following the spending review that welfare claimants who don't speak English will have their benefits cut 5.(a) But for someone coming here at 10 years old it's possible(b) But many of the people who attend courses are visiting students(c) although the government does not have a target figure(d) who have struggled with English since arriving a year ago(e) but it would take much longer than a week(f) what matters is not classes so much as(g) But there is political pressure to decrease this(h) At the beginning it was really difficult to understand(i) Eventually she was able to begin taking classes(j) After three months here he could speak very well(k) A key factor for all immigrants is their level of education(l) who arrived five years ago from China(m) One thing most experts agree on is that(n) But how long does it take to speak good English?(o) If someone is really highly motivated(p) but children are faster at picking up speaking and listening(q) if they fail to attend language courses(r) That could mean four years of classes.

Fabian features in the Channel 4 documentary

On Tuesday, a Channel 4 documentary, ‘Why Don't You Speak English?’ looks at four immigrants 6.(a) But for someone coming here at 10 years old it's possible(b) But many of the people who attend courses are visiting students(c) although the government does not have a target figure(d) who have struggled with English since arriving a year ago(e) but it would take much longer than a week(f) what matters is not classes so much as(g) But there is political pressure to decrease this(h) At the beginning it was really difficult to understand(i) Eventually she was able to begin taking classes(j) After three months here he could speak very well(k) A key factor for all immigrants is their level of education(l) who arrived five years ago from China(m) One thing most experts agree on is that(n) But how long does it take to speak good English?(o) If someone is really highly motivated(p) but children are faster at picking up speaking and listening(q) if they fail to attend language courses(r) That could mean four years of classes and who spend a week living with a family in the UK.

Pub manager Freddy Sipson who hosted Fabian, a Colombian immigrant for the Channel 4 programme, says his charge made progress 7.(a) But for someone coming here at 10 years old it's possible(b) But many of the people who attend courses are visiting students(c) although the government does not have a target figure(d) who have struggled with English since arriving a year ago(e) but it would take much longer than a week(f) what matters is not classes so much as(g) But there is political pressure to decrease this(h) At the beginning it was really difficult to understand(i) Eventually she was able to begin taking classes(j) After three months here he could speak very well(k) A key factor for all immigrants is their level of education(l) who arrived five years ago from China(m) One thing most experts agree on is that(n) But how long does it take to speak good English?(o) If someone is really highly motivated(p) but children are faster at picking up speaking and listening(q) if they fail to attend language courses(r) That could mean four years of classes. "When he came he spoke pidgin English. He improved over the week. In two or three months, if he was in the right environment I'd say he'd be capable of having a good conversation and getting himself around."


Huan Japes, deputy chief executive of English UK, a trade body for language colleges, says a rule of thumb is 360 hours - 120 hours for each of three stages - to get to the standard the government expects benefit claimants to reach.

8.(a) But for someone coming here at 10 years old it's possible(b) But many of the people who attend courses are visiting students(c) although the government does not have a target figure(d) who have struggled with English since arriving a year ago(e) but it would take much longer than a week(f) what matters is not classes so much as(g) But there is political pressure to decrease this(h) At the beginning it was really difficult to understand(i) Eventually she was able to begin taking classes(j) After three months here he could speak very well(k) A key factor for all immigrants is their level of education(l) who arrived five years ago from China(m) One thing most experts agree on is that(n) But how long does it take to speak good English?(o) If someone is really highly motivated(p) but children are faster at picking up speaking and listening(q) if they fail to attend language courses(r) That could mean four years of classes rather than people settling in the UK and unlike undergraduates, immigrants tend to have very varied levels of education.

"Using 120 hours [for each stage of English fluency] is a rather traditional approach to course book learning," says Dr Elaine Boyd, head of English language at Trinity College London.

Even simple tasks such as going shopping can be a challenge

"9.(a) But for someone coming here at 10 years old it's possible(b) But many of the people who attend courses are visiting students(c) although the government does not have a target figure(d) who have struggled with English since arriving a year ago(e) but it would take much longer than a week(f) what matters is not classes so much as(g) But there is political pressure to decrease this(h) At the beginning it was really difficult to understand(i) Eventually she was able to begin taking classes(j) After three months here he could speak very well(k) A key factor for all immigrants is their level of education(l) who arrived five years ago from China(m) One thing most experts agree on is that(n) But how long does it take to speak good English?(o) If someone is really highly motivated(p) but children are faster at picking up speaking and listening(q) if they fail to attend language courses(r) That could mean four years of classes, they can learn really quickly. It's common for children under the age of 11 to be very immersed and be fluent in about six months."

Adults may be better at reading and writing to begin with
10.(a) But for someone coming here at 10 years old it's possible(b) But many of the people who attend courses are visiting students(c) although the government does not have a target figure(d) who have struggled with English since arriving a year ago(e) but it would take much longer than a week(f) what matters is not classes so much as(g) But there is political pressure to decrease this(h) At the beginning it was really difficult to understand(i) Eventually she was able to begin taking classes(j) After three months here he could speak very well(k) A key factor for all immigrants is their level of education(l) who arrived five years ago from China(m) One thing most experts agree on is that(n) But how long does it take to speak good English?(o) If someone is really highly motivated(p) but children are faster at picking up speaking and listening(q) if they fail to attend language courses(r) That could mean four years of classes in the long run, says Dot Powell, director of the British Council's ESOL Nexus. School plunges them into the new language, their brains are attuned to sounds and slang - such as putting "innit" on the ends of phrases - and of course one mustn’t forget that teenagers need language skills to belong to the group, she says.

can be a challenge

Philida Schellekens, a language consultant, says that when she researched English language learning in Australia a decade ago the figure of 1,765 hours was used. 11.(a) But for someone coming here at 10 years old it's possible(b) But many of the people who attend courses are visiting students(c) although the government does not have a target figure(d) who have struggled with English since arriving a year ago(e) but it would take much longer than a week(f) what matters is not classes so much as(g) But there is political pressure to decrease this(h) At the beginning it was really difficult to understand(i) Eventually she was able to begin taking classes(j) After three months here he could speak very well(k) A key factor for all immigrants is their level of education(l) who arrived five years ago from China(m) One thing most experts agree on is that(n) But how long does it take to speak good English?(o) If someone is really highly motivated(p) but children are faster at picking up speaking and listening(q) if they fail to attend language courses(r) That could mean four years of classes. This figure signifies the standard needed to do a clerical job in an office.



In the UK the estimate of about 360 hours to move up a level is about right, she argues.
12.(a) But for someone coming here at 10 years old it's possible(b) But many of the people who attend courses are visiting students(c) although the government does not have a target figure(d) who have struggled with English since arriving a year ago(e) but it would take much longer than a week(f) what matters is not classes so much as(g) But there is political pressure to decrease this(h) At the beginning it was really difficult to understand(i) Eventually she was able to begin taking classes(j) After three months here he could speak very well(k) A key factor for all immigrants is their level of education(l) who arrived five years ago from China(m) One thing most experts agree on is that(n) But how long does it take to speak good English?(o) If someone is really highly motivated(p) but children are faster at picking up speaking and listening(q) if they fail to attend language courses(r) That could mean four years of classes, she argues. "Every (UK) government has been trying to bring it down. We've got to hold the line, learning a language is a time consuming business."

Every immigrant's experience of learning English is different.

Thura, 35, a doctor, fled Burma for political reasons and arrived in the UK in 2009. "13.(a) But for someone coming here at 10 years old it's possible(b) But many of the people who attend courses are visiting students(c) although the government does not have a target figure(d) who have struggled with English since arriving a year ago(e) but it would take much longer than a week(f) what matters is not classes so much as(g) But there is political pressure to decrease this(h) At the beginning it was really difficult to understand(i) Eventually she was able to begin taking classes(j) After three months here he could speak very well(k) A key factor for all immigrants is their level of education(l) who arrived five years ago from China(m) One thing most experts agree on is that(n) But how long does it take to speak good English?(o) If someone is really highly motivated(p) but children are faster at picking up speaking and listening(q) if they fail to attend language courses(r) That could mean four years of classes. My reading was okay but not my speaking or listening." After three months he got a job in a care home, which is where he picked up most of his English.

He has since done a masters degree at University College London and now works in a hospital. In Thurma’s opinion, 14.(a) But for someone coming here at 10 years old it's possible(b) But many of the people who attend courses are visiting students(c) although the government does not have a target figure(d) who have struggled with English since arriving a year ago(e) but it would take much longer than a week(f) what matters is not classes so much as(g) But there is political pressure to decrease this(h) At the beginning it was really difficult to understand(i) Eventually she was able to begin taking classes(j) After three months here he could speak very well(k) A key factor for all immigrants is their level of education(l) who arrived five years ago from China(m) One thing most experts agree on is that(n) But how long does it take to speak good English?(o) If someone is really highly motivated(p) but children are faster at picking up speaking and listening(q) if they fail to attend language courses(r) That could mean four years of classes being surrounded by English speakers. "It takes eight months to a year to learn it if you listen to proper English speakers," he says.

Ling's older son, who was eight when they arrived from China, is a different story. "15.(a) But for someone coming here at 10 years old it's possible(b) But many of the people who attend courses are visiting students(c) although the government does not have a target figure(d) who have struggled with English since arriving a year ago(e) but it would take much longer than a week(f) what matters is not classes so much as(g) But there is political pressure to decrease this(h) At the beginning it was really difficult to understand(i) Eventually she was able to begin taking classes(j) After three months here he could speak very well(k) A key factor for all immigrants is their level of education(l) who arrived five years ago from China(m) One thing most experts agree on is that(n) But how long does it take to speak good English?(o) If someone is really highly motivated(p) but children are faster at picking up speaking and listening(q) if they fail to attend language courses(r) That could mean four years of classes." Arriving at a young age gives him a "big advantage" over her, she believes. "He is 13 now and speaks like a British person."

Seeking medical help can be daunting

16.(a) But for someone coming here at 10 years old it's possible(b) But many of the people who attend courses are visiting students(c) although the government does not have a target figure(d) who have struggled with English since arriving a year ago(e) but it would take much longer than a week(f) what matters is not classes so much as(g) But there is political pressure to decrease this(h) At the beginning it was really difficult to understand(i) Eventually she was able to begin taking classes(j) After three months here he could speak very well(k) A key factor for all immigrants is their level of education(l) who arrived five years ago from China(m) One thing most experts agree on is that(n) But how long does it take to speak good English?(o) If someone is really highly motivated(p) but children are faster at picking up speaking and listening(q) if they fail to attend language courses(r) That could mean four years of classes, says Powell. It will vary from illiteracy to degree level and have a large bearing on how they can learn in the classroom. "The other factor is if you already speak two or three languages you'll learn the next one faster," Powell says.

17.(a) But for someone coming here at 10 years old it's possible(b) But many of the people who attend courses are visiting students(c) although the government does not have a target figure(d) who have struggled with English since arriving a year ago(e) but it would take much longer than a week(f) what matters is not classes so much as(g) But there is political pressure to decrease this(h) At the beginning it was really difficult to understand(i) Eventually she was able to begin taking classes(j) After three months here he could speak very well(k) A key factor for all immigrants is their level of education(l) who arrived five years ago from China(m) One thing most experts agree on is that(n) But how long does it take to speak good English?(o) If someone is really highly motivated(p) but children are faster at picking up speaking and listening(q) if they fail to attend language courses(r) That could mean four years of classes exposure to hearing English is crucial. If someone is working only with people of their own nationality, or at home not meeting English speakers, they will not learn quickly.

And yet immigrants arriving on a spouse's visa are not eligible for free English classes for at least the first year. "You're almost on your own for the year unless you've got a spouse who'll pay," says Powell.

Is there a cut-off point after which you will never truly master the language? Ling is still hopeful she can speak perfect English like her son. But Thura says pronunciation is a big problem for even confident speakers. "It's almost impossible for me to lose my accent. 18.(a) But for someone coming here at 10 years old it's possible(b) But many of the people who attend courses are visiting students(c) although the government does not have a target figure(d) who have struggled with English since arriving a year ago(e) but it would take much longer than a week(f) what matters is not classes so much as(g) But there is political pressure to decrease this(h) At the beginning it was really difficult to understand(i) Eventually she was able to begin taking classes(j) After three months here he could speak very well(k) A key factor for all immigrants is their level of education(l) who arrived five years ago from China(m) One thing most experts agree on is that(n) But how long does it take to speak good English?(o) If someone is really highly motivated(p) but children are faster at picking up speaking and listening(q) if they fail to attend language courses(r) That could mean four years of classes."

Other people's accents are also a big barrier. "I support Manchester United but I can't understand Sir Alex Ferguson. Scottish is a really strong accent."

Adapted from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23407265