Package 2 – Using a concordance
Activity 1
Before we move on, use dictionary to find to the meaning of these words:
Using corpora and concordances
A language corpus is a collection or body of texts, chosen according to certain criteria. It aims at facilitating the discovery of facts about language. Early corpora were often used for biblical and literary studies, but in the past 2 decades their use has grown enormously. For example, some dictionaries and an increasing number of grammar books are now corpus-derived.
Concordances used in language research and teaching are usually of the type that shows key word in context, that is, a chosen word-form from a given corpus of data is displayed in all its occurrences with a number of words either side of the key word, providing some context.
For example, here is a concordance for the word 'survey', which is in the middle of each line. It shows that the usual prepositions used after 'survey' are 'of' and 'on', and that common verbs after 'survey' are 'released' and 'showed'.
1 addition, a detailed interspecies survey of the incidence of generalized pulm
2 an Sir, I have carried out a survey of the official engagements carried
3 years Sponsor has issued an annual survey of the size and characteristics of
4 up the most recent being the CBI's survey of wage settlements published a fe
5 (170> (92:06:03> (2> Appeal for survey on appointees By JEREMY LAU THE L
6 today the results of last week's survey on Chinese attitude on Emperor Aki
7 t few years. It conducted a brief survey on its staff's plans and found that
8 refusal to conduct a territory-wide survey on pay and promotion disparities bet
9 tion had demanded repeatedly that a survey on salaries paid to male and female
10 on Department and was conducting a survey on sex education. But at the flat
11 ture and Fisheries Department (AFD) survey released yesterday said water quali
12 ependent Frank Small and Associates survey released by RTHK puts Metro's share
13 passengers. A Transport Department survey released last week concluded that a
14 findings of a kindergarten teacher survey released last week for the union's
15 decision, a University of Hongkong survey showed 84 per cent felt the death pe
16 cil's claims of overcharging. The survey showed couples were charged up to t
17 ally double the price quoted. The survey showed couples were generally promi
18 respectability is intact after a survey showed the Kent town has the lowest |
Activity 2 Insights into corpus lexicography
Here are the entries for the word ‘rose’. Look through the entries and then answer the questions that follow.
1 had been declining for five months, rose a bit in November this despite ris 2 ere is still pride that the state rose above its hillbilly reputation to se 3 became indistinct. Then his voice rose again. ``. . . it may involve a cert 4 es on the territory's stock market rose, all because of special factors. {pa 5 icers for Matthew Williams, Keith Rose and Andrew Rodger. Mr Wright believe 6 trace of Matthew Williams, Keith Rose and Andrew Rodger. The only clue has 7 ruce document negotiated by General Rose and signed on Saturday, casts a sh 8 ed to Umberto Eco's The Name of the Rose and Vikram Seth's A Suitable Boy b 9 outh coast of England. Keith Rose, 45, Andrew Rodger, 44, and Matthew 10 d lung disease. {para} Dust levels rose around the territory generally beca 11 wed up, the temperature in the hall rose as fast as it was falling outside. 12 Shell's Tern field, where output rose 62,000 bpd after October's shutdown. 13 en the value of his Telegraph stake rose by $114m. This year its value slum 14 figures, lending on credit cards rose by $156 million compared with an inc 15 CIDES in the year ending March 31, rose by 10 per cent over the previous yea 16 those involving the private sector rose by 13 per cent. {para} Reports agai 17 Eurolira contract, whose volumes rose by 134 per cent. Trading cont 18 rices for offices and factory units rose by 15 per cent, and retail premises 19 into account, his earnings still rose by 17.2 per cent. 20 ectations, escalating fares (which rose by 19.5 per cent last year) and com 21 ease of 10 cents. The diesel price rose by 20 cents on May 13. {para} Other 22 rices in the year to last October rose by 3.4 per cent. Mark Hemmingway, a 23 at complaints against taxi drivers rose by 36 per cent in the 1991-92 finan 24 gest operation, Boots the Chemist,rose by 4.1 per cent, helped by increases 25 sumed per job by journeys to work rose by 40 per cent between 1981 and 1991 26 act of property disposals,profits rose by 69 per cent. Earnings rose 27 4,600. Registrations of cars rose by 7 per cent, in the 12 months to N 28 ober l994, prices in the Province rose by 8.3 per cent, bringing the annual 29 s of tractor units in the UK market rose by a third, while demand for 7.5 t 30 Bay typhoon shelter, Shau Kei Wan, rose by an estimated $100 million. {para 31 serves of gold and foreign currency rose by an underlying $62 million in De 32 ales of over-the-counter healthcare rose by only 1.7 per cent because of st 33 folios of 57.5% while the Footsie rose by only 20.1%. But on a two-year vie 34 always worked within the system. He rose by virtue of his silver tongue and 35 Irish runner, beaten in Durham by Rose Cheruiyot in the IAAF challenge last 36 IAAF Cross Country Challenge, while Rose Cheruiyot, 18, rudely gatecrashed 37 rui of Kenya, and his compatriot, Rose Cheruiyot, dominated the internation 38 ntry champion from Kenya, and now Rose Cheruiyot, the runaway winner on Sat 39 e seeking help from the Samaritans rose dramatically last year, figures rel 40 gas" Both oil and gas output rose during November, with the Royal Bank 41 1988 and passenger complaints also rose during the same period. CMB may argu 42 ry VIII's prize warship, the Mary Rose. Early this century, they constructe 43 ise investment scheme (EIS)". David Rose, editor of the Gazette, says that 44 dig deep in your pockets Graham Rose Features Garden 45 January 1995 Cuttings Graham Rose Features A new v 46 more classes of business than they rose, for the first time since the surv 47 The IPC index of 37 leading shares rose for the first time in a week. It e 48 rket growth of about 10%. The stock rose from 169p to 225p, outperforming t 49 related to child management, which rose from 26 to 45. This includes careta 50 e gains. Profits for the year still rose from $508m to $522m but its shares 51 the Dundee-based construction group rose from 118p to 178p,or 65% ahead. Ca 52 seats lies. Support for the party rose from 31 per cent in the region at th 53 hs has been Labour, whose support rose from 32 to 44 per cent in the South 54 g a 35.5% rise as the share price rose from 358p to 444p.''It is interest 55 e Glasgow-based property company, rose from 36p to 52p, or 58% better. 56 en diagnosed as having the disease rose from 389 in 1965 to 992 in 1988. {pa 57 } The purity of the drug, however, rose from 43 per cent in January to 47 pe 58 during 1993. Jaguar's sales rose from 6,224 to 6,659 and the company 59 y the futuristic skyline of Perth rose from a sea of green parkland and swi 60 s and in danger of losing his home, Rose, from a small village between Exet 61 ack chamber solid with smoke that rose from heaps of oak chips on the floor 62 Demos, the radical think-tank that rose from its ashes, claims responsibil 63 ', implying that like the original rose garden - as the Chek Lap Kok airport 64 rs have described it as a ``second rose garden'', implying that like the or 65 ng Director of Social Welfare, Mrs Rose Goodstadt, said it was too early to 66 ng Director of Social Welfare, Mrs Rose Goodstadt, said the plan could clear 67 y Director for Social Welfare, Mrs Rose Goodstadt, yesterday did her best to 68 during the Korean War, 1951. Rose Heilbron became the first woman to s 69 ng and air conditioning. {para} Ms Rose Ho Siu-mui, co- ordinator of child c 70 he same again. The ranks of Tuscany rose in acclamation. I can think o 71 ay today, inadvertently ate a red rose in the excitement of opening hundred 72 Northern Ireland and the republic, rose into the top 10 following dramatic 73 medic can testify). {para} But Dr Rose is keeping her maiden name. She has 74 id a spokesman. "The Minitel Rose is perfect for those whose homosexua 75 istmas circuit training was Keith Rose, 44, jailed for life in 1991 for kil 76 DING more than six feet tall, Major Rose Kabuye, the new prefect of Kigali, 77 includes the world premiere of The Rose Lake (Feb 19). This, he says, will 78 cate of Education examinations also rose last year to 202, an increase of 41 79 y fleets. The market leader's sales rose last year from 381,671 to 418,657 80 rnoon to discuss what happened,'' Rose Marie Gaines Sanders told me. An ele 81 ard off just days earlier. Rose, Matthew Williams, 25, and Andrew Ro 82 ison saw its share price jump. It rose more than 30% in July and August alo 83 city. Average oil production rose more than 30,000 bpd to an average 2 84 9; Lieutenant-General Sir Michael Rose, 55; Mr Wilhelm Soukop, sculptor, 88 85 To live at temperatures which never rose much above 10C-12C would have requ 86 restaurants in Pacific Place - La Rose Noire and Pomeroy's - have joined t 87 home in Devon in September 1981. Rose, of Copplestone, Exeter, did not bec 88 nquiry gathered momentum, the costs rose: $300,000 on police overtime; $48, 89 on a computer in the cell of Keith Rose, one of the escaped men. Th 90 prosecution of the murderer Keith Rose, one of the men, after fears that he 91 -oriented as Dr Ruth, but since Dr Rose Ong started writing her health colum 92 y registrations. Vauxhall's sales rose only marginally to 310,619 while Rov 93 BEFORE the winter sun rose over Alaska's vast Alexander archi 94 a 24 per cent interest. The shares rose 1p to 108p. 22 95 half and the year-end. The shares rose 14p to 166p. The number of ve 96 iscussed. Welsh Water shares rose 1p to 639p. Manweb fell 12p to 860p. 97 e to open this autumn. The shares rose 2p to 82p. 9 T 98 of garden products. Zeneca shares rose 1p to 880p. Glaxo announced t 99 der and chief executive, said sales rose 20 per cent last year. Else 100 a director of Fairline, said sales rose 17 per cent in 1994. Germany, Fran 101 he Kowloon-Canton Railway as fares rose 9.7 per cent and eight per cent res 102 Overall, oil and gas revenues rose 8 per cent during the month to an 103 roduction from the Land Rover plant rose 35 per cent in 1994, to 92,500 veh 104 The group's world vehicle sales rose 4.8 per cent last year to 1.84 mil 105 per cent. Next Retail sales rose 17 per cent on selling space that wa 106 ;O's Dover-Calais passenger numbers rose 18 per cent to almost 10.55 millio 107 e six months to October 31, profits rose 43 per cent to $5.03 million from 108 own. However, overall group sales rose 10.6 per cent to $8.25 billion from 109 year, but the number of big cases rose 9.15 per cent to 7,315 and 335 mil 110 ber of passengers carried last year rose 17 per cent to almost 14 million, 111 r cent greater. Retail unit sales rose 20 per cent, a success that was achi 112 ales in the US, its largest market, rose 3 per cent. In the UK, the ch 113 heavily on used-car sales, which rose 37 per cent. Vardy's speciali 114 ent early-season bargains. Graham Rose provides a guide to the best offers. 115 rather be doing their own shopping, rose-pruning, lambada dancing anything, 116 de side of his personality on Red Rose Radio in Preston. His job app 117 Yesterday it was disclosed that Rose's family intended to visit him yes 118 Yugoslavia. It seems likely that Rose's view of the UN would not be a mill 119 n. Colours available will be rose, salmon, scarlet and white or white 120 e escapers have been named as Keith Rose, 45, serving life for murder, and 121 by British companies outside the UK rose sharply last year to levels last s 122 of drink-drivers caught by police rose sharply, including Kent. However, 123 ons and administering poison; Keith Rose, 45, shot dead the wife of a super 124 rs Rowe, 42, pressed a panic button Rose shot her four times in the back th 125 s ago and the number of applicants rose significantly. {para} The advertise 126 tures HOUSE PRICES rose slightly last month, according to th 127 ctor. As house prices and incomes rose slowly, if at all, people felt less 128 gauge of future economic activity, rose smartly in November. Amid all this 129 ar. The number of cremations also rose steadily: today 70% of bodies are bu 130 g contracts in German products also rose strongly and the German government 131 tap into the computerised Minitel Rose system every week, it is a swift and 132 n apparent in General Sir Michael Rose, the British UN commander in former 133 ollar. Mexican stock markets also rose. The IPC index of 37 leading shares 134 by Lieutenant-General Sir Michael Rose, the UN commander in Bosnia, focused 135 r, the ritual of sea- fishing, and Rose, the young, heroic stepmother who nu 136 edium's progress from a wider, less rose-tinted perspective. One hundr 137 nd of January 1994, pre-tax profits rose to $1.6 million, from $1.47 millio 138 r the largest element of borrowing, rose to $1.66 billion in November, agai 139 gatti, while the group's turnover rose 22% to $51m. 2/2 140 ar to the end of September, profits rose to $7.64 million ($5.67 million), 141 ir- passengers. The balloon rose to 1, 700ft and headed off towards t 142 . The number of continental deals rose to 112 from 106, with the aggregate 143 d refuge for 105 women. The number rose to 141 in 1989, and to 164 the next 144 acquisitions in continental Europe rose to 211 from 196 in the previous 12 145 weekend, and the number of wounded rose to 217 on Monday from 103 on Satur 146 in July for $3 million. Earnings rose to 26.1p a share from 20.8p and the 147 articularly in Brazil where sales rose to 7,340 cars from 1,563. In Argenti 148 ose by 69 per cent. Earnings rose to 7.5p a share from 5.3p. The inter 149 , was placed over a wood fire and rose to about 1,000ft before descending s 150 s belief. One of the survivors, who rose to become a high- ranking French pu 151 rwich were quickly behind as Scales rose to head home Bjornebye's corner to 152 a} Mr Suen looked uncomfortable. He rose to his feet, with his brow knotted. 153 ?'' asked Mr Young. {para} Mr Suen rose to his feet again. ``Mr Deputy Presi 154 ths to October 31 pre-tax profits rose to Ir$4.58 million from Ir$2.65 mi 155 iversity last year, but that figure rose to just under 90 per cent after tho 156 ms per cubic metre a day, but they rose to more than 300 micrograms. {para} 157 w and then keeping low, but Hendren rose to the occasion in great style and 158 e Royal Hongkong Police in 1963 and rose to the rank of superintendent. In 1 159 lion per day. Sterling oil revenues rose to their highest level since Novem 160 it like parcels in a sock, and they rose to three haphazard levels against 161 ife. Passing sentence, Mr Justice rose told him: "You are clearly a clever, 162 nd sizes, to candles and even dried rose topiaries, which look like a little 163 ed to kill his own family. Rose was jailed for life for murdering th 164 through their window. Keith Rose, 45, was jailed for life at Exeter C 165 Another of the escapers, Keith Rose, 45, was jailed for life in 1991 f 166 managed to free himself and escape. Rose was sentenced by the Old Bailey in 167 signed their accord 15 months ago, rose when a visit to autonomous Jericho 168 ng distance. Arsenal's hopes rose when Ferdinand went off injured at t 169 attend the talks hosted by General Rose, which are expected to continue fo 170 Just who is in charge here? Rose Wild Features Ro 171 mercy on the hard road to solace Rose Wild Features A 172 e Wild Features Rose Wild finds a series about nannies un 173 our of need a knight of the White Rose will ride to the rescue. Hist 174 touched. But dangerous men such as Rose, Williams and Rodger are not kept at 175 be opened by a single master key. Rose, Williams and Rodger had a handmade 176 just behind the Tribunaux: it has a rose window that you can see gleaming i 177 ter, Lady Davina Windsor and Lady Rose Windsor. Barnwell was describ 178 e they fashioned the 25ft ladder. Rose worked in the garden of the recreati 179 Detectives were convinced that Rose would have left his victim to starAnswer the following questions by studying the corpus printout and typing your answers in the spaces provided.
Once you have done that, click on the check button and the definition will appear for you to check your suggested answers.
Activity 3
Read these entries for a concordance and then try to guess the missing word for each one.
Entry 1
1 0C. Baste the skewers with melted _______ and cook for about 10 minutes until
2 care about animals on a plate with _______ and garlic. What is le probleme?
3 Speak, for instance T- glottaling "_______" as "bu-er". A generation ago they
4 rall to behold. However, when the _______ began to seep out through the open
5 Definitive ingredients: cream, _______, cheese, apples and cider. Re
6 tage our chanterelles were fried in ______, coated liberally with white pepper
7 ruit, their fat slabs of cheese and ______, cornucopias of mussels, prawns, a
8 sh breadcrumbs 4 tbsp melted ________. Cut the mozzarella into 20 cu
9 laced the contents of more than one _______ dish inside. {para} At the end of t
10 cruising river, and the bread and _______ for KD River Cruises (0372-742033).
11 d sole with spiced rice and lobster _______. I nicked a bit of Vanessa's pumpk
12 success provides your bread and ________. Just a little local mistake?
13 Scientists claim the switch from _______ to polyunsaturated spreads has incre
15 report the debate over the merits of _______ versus margarine. Manufacture
Entry 2
1 ra} ``I think China made a serious _______ because it gives the impression th
6 n's pro-line soccer pool made the _______ because some games were played earli
7 st of his life for correcting this_______ before it became law, and depriving
8 irst place, he had made a technical _______ but one made in her best interest.
9 the far post. Then an embarrassing _______ by Bartram, the Arsenal goalkeeper
10 t shadow cabinet will not make this _______ by including it in its plans for t
11 ld fired narrowly over after a rare _______ by Pearce in the first half and, f
12 in this age of technology, such a ________ could be made. While many of our pro
14 e} THE Government has admitted its _______ for having injected wrong medicatio
15 r Patten's critics. ``It's a great ______ for Hongkong now to come apart and p
16 on took one year and just saying a ______ had been made is not enough. {para}
18 a} ``This is the first time a tiny ______ has been made in four public forums
19 id the Government might have made a ______ in not defending Section 25 hard en
Entry 3
1 norts dismissively, "you all should _____ about that" When Hersh firs
2 so terrible. Sure, he implied, we _____ about animals on a plate with butter
3 people in Beijing neither know nor _____about Mr Patten. {para} A group of
4 tarnished image of the sport we all _____ about passionately" through a seri
5 show on the road, and who did not _____ about what was socially acceptable
6 will have to wait''. {para} He said ____ and attention homes refused to take
7 omised to open the first specialist_____ and attention home for the mentally
8 d more than a decade for the first _____ and attention home for the severely
9 ospital services and primary health _____ for patients, writes Fiona Chan. {p
10 he concept that young people should _____ for themselves and for others. {par
11 didn't have enough of anything. To _____ for a baby you need lots of milk, wa
12 or the violence can be people who _____ for animals, otherwise they would no
13 h by accident aggravated by lack of _____ in the case of Ms Lai Fung, who liv
14 the administration to exercise due _____ in the choice of the appropriate ti
15 raise recurrent spending on health _____, including hospital services, by 22
16 t was transferred to the intensive _____ unit after the operation but never
17 e nurses training in the intensive ______ unit and operation theatre at the Q
Entry 4
1 to worship" The Government should ______ carefully to teachers' complaints.
2 dependent survey revealed more than ______ ership figures, it had something to
3 good idea, for when I stopped to _____, hoping to glean the time of their
4 ybody who does or does not want to _____. I'm saying it now. Australia's pos
5 So it will find me most prepared to ______ if it shows me ways to contain the
6 can watch each other playing and ______ in high-quality stereo sound. At the
7 uro-standard digital tuning we will ______ in to London Christian Radio, a st
8 on't really want to do it. But they ______. Men don't listen, they charge off
9 eachers and social workers and will ______ more to their opinions,'' they said
10 gkong. {para} ``I think many people ______ not with malicious intent, but beca
11 nough is enough, there is a need to ______ now before it is too late.
12 that language, either they don't ______or they don't get what you are sayin
13 t wonderful Welsh/Italian accent to ______ out for from a professor of, appro
14 e. We urge the Labour leadership to _______. Penelope Penney Presi
15 stooge in return for being able to ______. The talk was knowing, intimate, a
16 o do it. But they listen. Men don't ______, they charge off thinking they can
17 mons telling anybody daft enough to ______ to him that Space Invaders were th
18 ragraphs were too long and wouldn't ______ to the questions," he said. "She w
Once you have finished, click on the CHECK button below and your results will be displayed.
