Making complex sentences using connectives that introduce subordinate clauses 2
'The following 15 questions are all part of one article about cholesterol. Read all 15 sections of the article and select the correct connective(s) for each.'
____________ most of us know that having too much cholesterol in our blood may be bad for our health, there are some people walking around with very high cholesterol levels who have no idea there is anything wrong with them. Men and women have made it to the age of 80 and beyond without knowing they may be living with a very dangerous health condition
it shows contrast (the difference) between ‘most of us’ and ‘somepeople’
while needs to be followed by a subject (‘most of us’) and a verb (‘know’)
while introduces a dependent clause
In spite of is incorrect because there is a subject and verb instead of a noun phrase. In spite of must be followed by a noun phrase Because is incorrect because there is no cause and effect relationship between ‘most of us know’ and ‘some people walking around’
Others, ____________, drop dead suddenly from massive heart attacks at age 20 or 30, with death being the only warning they had that something was wrong. These people were born with a tendency to make high levels of cholesterol, a condition well known in the west as ‘familial hypercholesterolemia’.
it shows contrast between ‘men and women have made it the age of 80’ and ‘others drop dead suddenly’
on the other hand needs to be followed by a subject (‘others’) and a verb (‘drop dead’)
Consequently is incorrect because there is no cause and effect relationship between ‘men and women have made it the age of 80’ and ‘others drop dead suddenly’
Although is incorrect because although is used only to introduce a dependent clause
it shows contrast between a condition which is well known in the west and the fact that few experts have studied the condition in Asian populations
However needs to be followed by a subject (‘few experts’) and a verb (‘have studied’)
Consequently is incorrect because there is no cause and effect relationship between the idea that the condition is well known in the west but few experts have studied the condition in Asian populations In addition is incorrect becauseno new point is being added to the idea that the condition is well- known in the west
there is a cause and effect relationship between the idea that few experts have studied the condition and cardiologists are now looking more closely at the effects of cholesterol levels on different communities. It is the reason they are looking
Due to is incorrect because due to must be followed by a noun phrase While is incorrect because there is a comma before ‘cardiologists’ and while can never ‘stand alone’. While is used to introduce a dependent clause
Heart attacks occur when the arteries get blocked by cholesterol, which can lead to heart muscle damage. If crucial parts of the heart are damaged, the heart will stop or go into the wrong rhythm. It will not, ___________, pump blood around the body.
there is a cause and effect relationship between the ideas that ‘if crucial parts of the heart are damaged’ and ‘it will not pump blood around the body’
in addition is incorrect because no new point is being added to the idea that that ‘if crucial parts of the heart are damaged’ however is incorrect because it is wrong to use contrast here.
____________, the brain will be starved of oxygen and the person suffering the heart attack will become unconscious and quickly die if his heart is not restarted or put back into the right rhythm.
there is a cause and effect relationship between the ideas that ‘it will not pump blood around the body’ and ‘the brain will be starved of oxygen…’
However is incorrect because it is wrong to use contrast here. Additionally is incorrect because no new point is being added to the idea that the heart ‘will not pump blood around the body’
While shows contrast between the different ideas that ‘electric shocks and drugs can save lives’ but ‘avoiding damage in the first place is the best way to treat heart disease’
While is used appropriately here to introduce a dependent clause
In addition to is incorrect because:
In addition to would make the sentence grammatically incorrect
In addition to needs to be followed by a noun phrase
no elaboration of a previous idea is occurring here. New ideas are being presented about electric shocks, drugs and avoiding damage but no elaboration of a previous idea
Furthermore is incorrect because no elaboration of a previous idea is occurring here. New ideas are being presented about electric shocks, drugs and avoiding damage.
____________ heart damage from cholesterol and blood fats has only recently become a problem in Hong Kong and other newly developed Asian countries, doctors have not been looking for signs of a familial tendency towards high cholesterol levels. “We think that the rates of familial hypercholesterolemia among Hong Kong Chinese patients are similar to those in Western countries – around one in 500,” says Professor Brian Tomlinson of the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics at the Chinese University of Hong Kong.
There is a cause and effect relationship between the ideas that ‘heart damage and cholesterol etc has only recently been a problem’ and ‘doctors have not been looking for signs of familial hypercholesterolemia’
Because is used appropriately here to introduce a dependent clause
Therefore is incorrect because therefore cannot introduce a dependent clause.
Because of is incorrect because this must be followed by a noun phrase.
Survey results from the mid-90’s revealed that 12% of men and 13% of women in Hong Kong suffer from high cholesterol. A more recent survey, ___________, showed a much higher percentage – around 50% of the population.
however is correct because it is used to contrast older and newer surveys. therefore is incorrect because there is no cause and effect relationship between older and newer surveys. consequently is incorrect because there is no cause and effect relationship between older and newer surveys.
____________, Chinese societies may not necessarily carry the same risk of heart disease as in Western populations, according to professor Tomlinson. Traditional Chinese diets may protect Hong Kong Chinese from heart attacks as they are rich in soybean protein and high in anti-oxidants. Green tea and black tea also have anti-oxidant properties, which may help protect against artery damage.
it shows contrast between the ideas that ‘a more recent survey showeda much higher percentage’ and ‘Chinese societies may not…carry the same risk as Western populations’
Nevertheless can ‘stand alone’
Although is incorrect because it cannot stand alone and should introduce a dependent clause. In spite of is incorrect because it cannot stand alone and should be followed by a noun phrase
it introduces a noun phrase (‘having extraordinarily high cholesterol levels’)
even though is incorrect because:
it must be followed by a subject and a verb, not a noun phrase
it must introduce a dependent clause
consequently is incorrect because there is no cause and effect relationship between the idea of ‘living to an old age without suffering from heart attacks’ and ‘having extraordinarily high cholesterol levels’
__________, Professor Tomlinson cautions that these are only theories, and warns that too many doctors in Hong Kong give their Chinese patients lower doses of anti-cholesterol drugs than they do to Caucasians, believing that Chinese responses are more positive.
It expresses contrast at the end of the article that everything mentioned above are ‘only theories’
Nevertheless can stand alone
Consequently is incorrect because there is no cause and effect relationship between the theories mentioned above and Professor Tomlinson’s cautions that the they are only theories
In addition is incorrect because no new point is being added or elaborated on. A new point, a warning, is being made.
contrast is needed between the ideasthat ‘too many doctors in Hong Kong give their Chinese patients lower doses of anti-cholesterol drugs than they do to Caucasians, believing that Chinese responses are more positive’ and the idea that ‘there is no evidence that this course of action is the correct one.’
however can stand alone
As a result is incorrect because there is no cause and effect relationship between the ideasthat ‘too many doctors in Hong Kong give their Chinese patients lower doses of anti-cholesterol drugs than they do to Caucasians, believing that Chinese responses are more positive’ and the idea that ‘there is no evidence that this course of action is the correct one.’
Consequently is incorrect because there is no cause and effect relationship between the ideasthat ‘too many doctors in Hong Kong give their Chinese patients lower doses of anti-cholesterol drugs than they do to Caucasians, believing that Chinese responses are more positive’ and the idea that ‘there is no evidence that this course of action is the correct one.’